Neuroscience will never be able to throw light on the subjective first-hand experience of feeling what it’s like to be me, or you. Nor, as we saw when considering consciousness in general, is it obvious even what kind of scenario one could expect to address the riddle of how the water of the physical brain and body is transformed into the wine of first-hand experience. But I hope I’ve shown that neuroscience can at least go some way in helping us root this elusive concept of ‘identity’ in the reality of the physical brain and its neuronal mechanisms. By understanding those brain processes and how they might interact with, and be changed by, an unprecedented environment, we scientists may never be able to understand what it actually feels like to be you or me. But we may be able to point to the best possible environments in which that feeling can flourish.